![]() Surgical simulation, in particular, is very attractive because it avoids learning and practicing surgical skills in the operating room. Simulation offers the opportunity to practice in a safe, controlled, and standardized environment. Overall, further efforts are needed to develop a formal simulation curriculum with validated simulators for foregut and bariatric surgery. Three-dimensional printing and real-time navigation systems have also emerged as promising training tools. Ex vivo simulators with animal tissue blocks have been recently developed and appear to be a realistic and cost-effective alternative. However, limited availability and high expenses often restrict their use. ![]() Cadavers and live animals offer realism to train entire foregut and bariatric procedures. Box-lap trainers help practicing basic laparoscopic skills. Endoscopic interventions can be practiced with high-fidelity virtual simulators. Many simulators are currently available such as box-lap trainers, virtual-reality platforms, cadavers, live animals, animal-based tissue blocks, and synthetic/artificial models. ![]()
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